A History of a Style
Chinoiserie... that inventive fusion of Asian motifs and European sensibilities, can be whimsical, graceful, and theatrical. A major design phenomenon in the 17th and 18th centuries, it continues to be one of the most enduring and fanciful decorative styles in interior design.
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| Japanned wardrobe by Thomas Chippendale image ©NTPL/Andreas von Einsiedel |
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Interior design and mural painted by Lynne Rutter
2002 San Francisco Decorator Showcase |
I became fascinated with chinoiserie through years of restoring and repairing hand-painted wallpapers and pieces of
“japanned” furniture, studied its history and techniques, and eventually started painting some of my own designs in similar fashion.
It seems to me that every era has created its own version of chinoiserie, to emphasize exoticism and escape, or sometimes to be simply colorful and uplifting. In all cases there is a fairy tale dream-like quality that never fails to be charming.
It all began long ago, in a land far, far away…
A Style is Born:
Increased trade between Europe and China in the 17th century sparked a passion for all things oriental.
What started with imports of commodities like tea, porcelain, silk, and saltpetre, grew to include a new cargo: a revolution in design.
The growing vogue for rare chinois artifacts inspired fanciful imitations from skilled artisans all over Europe. Oriental motifs both real and imagined, with pagodas, birds, monkeys, and figures in exotic costume, were worked into all manner of fine and decorative arts: everything from garden teahouses to japanned tea boxes were created in a Europeanized oriental fashion. An original and new style was born- not just from the Chinese influence – but far more from the inspiration borne of it.
Fantastic interior design ensued.
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| A subgenre of Chinoiserie, Singerie features monkeys in exotic costume doing playful and naughty things. Grande Singerie Murals by C. Huet, 1737 Château de Chantilly, France image: Atelier Mariotti |
The new decorative style was popularized by the French court of Louis XV, as the curves and whimsy of Chinoiserie integrated beautifully with
Rococo architectural features. Soon it became all the rage, with all the royal palaces of Europe creating glittering theme rooms and entire pavilions to house their collections of oriental treasures.
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| Jean-Baptiste Pillement’s 1760 book of engravings “The Ladies Amusement or The Art of Japanning Made Easy” was reprinted in England and became an influential sourcebook for designers of Chinoiserie. image from Lynne's collection |
Over the next hundred years the mania for Chinoiserie spread across the Western world, in fashion, furniture, and interiors, even in theater and opera. No palazzo, schloss, or manor home was quite complete without its Chinese room. In early American interiors Chinese objects and fine, hand-painted wallpapers played a significant role and influenced design in the young United States for generations to come. For a growing nation that longed to be part of the rest of the world, the blending of eastern and western cultures was a symbolic and powerful idea.
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| circa 1780 Chinese painted wallpaper, in a room in Colonial Williamsburg, VA, was previously hung in a house in Boston. image via Carlton Hobbs |
Painted Papers: The Flowering of Chinoserie
Early in the 18th century, the first hand-painted wallpapers were imported from China by the East India Company, and so were sometimes called “India papers.” Produced in China exclusively for the western market, they featured exotic looking flora and fauna delicately painted in brilliant colors on paper silk. You can see breathtaking examples of these early India paper murals in the Chinoiserie rooms of historic palaces at Hellbrunn, Salzburg, Austria; Oranienbaum, Russia; Drottningholm, Sweden; Sans Souci, Potsdam, Germany; and
Schloss Charlottenburg, Berlin. At
Nostell Priory in Yorkshire, famed English designer
Thomas Chippendale used floral wallpaper murals in rooms filled with faux bamboo chairs and japanned cabinets.
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| Gallery in the Royal Pavilion at Brighton image via Wikipedia |
Then, when you think you’ve seen everything, there’s the
Royal Pavillion at Brighton, the spectacular pleasure palace built for King George IV. Completed in 1822, and is the ultimate example of the late Chinoiserie style, with its opulent, fanciful interiors and room after extravagant room filled with handpainted Chinoiserie papers, ornament, and ceiling murals.
An Enduring Style
18th century
classicists argued that the Chinoiserie style was ‘a ridiculous hodgepodge of serpents, dragons, and monkeys’ and maybe it was, but then, even the most understated neoclassical Georgian house often had rooms whimsically decorated with floral murals “in the Chinese taste;” a pagoda folly in the garden; surely a pair of gilt brackets with blue and white porcelain vases, at the very least. Robert Adam himself more than likely trotted about his home in a
banyan and turban, as did most gentlemen of his day.
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| Chinoiserie meets the age of speed in the the Art Deco smoking room of the cruise ship “Empress of Britain” c. 1930 |
A general revival of
orientalism in the late 19th century found theatrical Chinoiserie theme rooms at the height of fashion once again in Victorian homes, providing a serene escape from bustling industrialized cities. From boudoirs to movie palaces, Chinoiserie figured gracefully into Art Deco and “Hollywood Regency” interiors, the exotic orient representing languor and wistfulness in an era of speed and new technology. Throughout the 20th century designers from Sister Parish to
Tony Duquette used Chinoiserie to add opulence, color, and grace to their designs.
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| Grant Gibson‘s design for the 2010 Elle Decor Showcase, wallpaper by deGournay |
Now considered a “classic” look, chinoiserie is very much on-trend as a versatile component in contemporary interiors. Wallpapers are still being painted in China for companies like by
DeGournay, Gracie, and Fromental, and are in high demand all over the world. Contemporary muralists
Jennifer Carrasco,
Scott Waterman, Nora Johnson, and of course,
Lynne Rutter, have all painted current styles of chinoiserie for their clients, each with a different spin on the traditional form, while top interior designers are incorporating chinioserie murals, furnishings, and accessories into their work in fresh new ways.
Is this a Chinoiserie revival, or the perennial flowering of an immortal style?
Further Reading:
Chinese Wallpaper in Britain by Emile de Bruijn: the author of
one of my favorite blogs has finally put out a fabulous book with great images and information about the Chinoiserie papers I adore!!
Flowering Chinoiserie: Painters who share this obsession may want to consider taking this workshop on creating your own chinoiserie murals!
©Lynne Rutter 2011
